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Design by Introspection (DbI) — Standard for D ​

1. Purpose and Scope ​

1.1 Quick Mental Model ​

DbI components are shells with hooks. The shell handles boilerplate (operators, type integration, composition). The hook customizes behavior through optional intercept points discovered via static if at compile time.

Less capable hooks → reduced features, not errors. Each static if doubles the design space covered by a single codebase.

1.2 When to Use DbI ​

Use when:

  • The domain has high vocabulary — many independent, orthogonal capabilities that combine in numerous ways
  • Building generic algorithms (ranges, iterators, adapters)
  • Building wrappers with pluggable semantics (checked arithmetic, error-handling, allocators)
  • Supporting ecosystem interop (conversion hooks like asSlice, asRange, toX)
  • You find yourself naming every combination of features or adding capability requires updating an interface hierarchy

Good fits: allocators, numeric wrappers, error handling strategies, container/range abstractions, serialization, middleware/hook systems.

Do NOT use when:

  • The domain has a small, stable vocabulary with 2-3 variations (a simple enum flag or sum type is clearer)
  • The domain truly needs a fixed, strict interface (e.g., security-critical authentication APIs)
  • You need runtime substitution and dynamic loading (use interfaces/classes)
  • You cannot specify stable semantics for "missing capability"
  • The "optional" primitives would change semantics in surprising ways

2. Normative Language ​

The keywords are interpreted as strict requirements (RFC 2119 style):

  • MUST / MUST NOT — absolute requirement or prohibition
  • SHOULD / SHOULD NOT — recommended, but exceptions may exist with justification
  • MAY — truly optional

3. Definitions ​

  • Required primitive: A member/function/property a type MUST implement to participate.
  • Optional primitive / hook: A member/function/property a type MAY implement to enable extra behaviors (performance, safety, semantics).
  • Capability trait: A template/enum that detects if a primitive exists with the right signature/semantics.
  • Fallback path: Correct baseline behavior requiring only required primitives.
  • Fast path: Specialized behavior enabled by optional primitives.
  • Hook / policy: A customization type that optionally provides named members that alter behavior.
  • Precedence order: The documented rule that determines which hook/primitive wins when multiple options could apply.

4. Core Rules ​

4.1 Required Primitives ​

  • Components MUST define a minimal required set.
  • Required primitives MUST remain stable across minor versions.
  • Required primitives MUST be semantically clear, hard to regret, and cheap to implement.
  • Adding a new required primitive MUST be treated as a breaking change.

4.2 Optional Primitives ​

  • Optional primitives MUST be truly optional: absence MUST NOT break correctness.
  • Optional primitives MUST be discoverable by introspection (traits / __traits(compiles, ...)).
  • Optional primitives SHOULD be orthogonal (avoid overlapping ambiguously unless precedence is defined).
  • Adding a new optional primitive SHOULD be non-breaking.
  • Each optional primitive MUST document: capability name, detection rule, and behavioral impact.

4.3 Introspection and Capability Detection ​

  • Capability detection MUST be centralized into named traits/templates.
  • Code MUST NOT scatter ad-hoc __traits(compiles, ...) checks throughout business logic.
  • Detection traits MUST check the exact expression you intend to call, not just hasMember.
  • Detection results MUST be cached in enum values to avoid repeated instantiation. Note that defining the result as enum bool inside a template (as shown below) accomplishes this automatically — the enum is computed once per unique instantiation and reused thereafter.

Naming convention:

  • hasX!T — member existence / valid call
  • supportsX!T — higher-level semantic capability
  • canX!(T, Args...) — when args affect the check

Template pattern:

d
enum bool hasPutMany(R, E) = __traits(compiles, {
    R r = R.init;
    E[] xs;
    r.putMany(xs);  // exact intended expression
});

4.4 Elastic Composition ​

  • When composing components (wrappers, allocators, adapters), the composite MUST expose capabilities that reflect its parts.
  • Composites MUST NOT claim capabilities their parts don't support.
  • Composites MUST NOT silently drop capabilities that are available.
  • Composition order effects MUST be documented and tested.

Self-introspection pattern:

d
// Composite queries its own conditionally-defined members
static if (hasMember!(typeof(this), "deallocate"))
    deallocate(b);

5. Shell and Hook Design ​

5.1 Shell Responsibilities ​

The shell (wrapper type) MUST handle:

  • Operator overloads
  • @property / ref / scope / nothrow forwarding where appropriate
  • Value storage and conversions
  • Invariants independent of policy

5.2 Hook Responsibilities ​

The hook (policy) MUST handle:

  • Optional intercepts
  • Reporting / logging / throwing / aborting
  • Alternate semantics (explicitly named)

Hook members MUST be optional. Absence MUST produce default behavior.

5.3 Stateless vs Stateful Hooks ​

  • If hook has no state, the wrapper SHOULD avoid storing it:
d
static if (stateSize!Hook > 0)
    Hook hook;
else
    alias hook = Hook;
  • If hook has state, wrapper MUST store it and document: initialization rules, copy/move semantics, thread-safety expectations.

5.4 Precedence Order ​

If multiple hook mechanisms can apply, use this order:

  1. Full override hook (e.g., hookOpUnary, hookOpBinary) — takes complete control
  2. Event hooks (e.g., onOverflow, onError, onAccess) — observe/handle at critical point
  3. Fallback/default behavior

A single hook MUST provide at most one override for a given hook primitive. If a shell accepts multiple hooks, the shell MUST define how they are composed and their relative precedence.

This precedence MUST be documented and tested. Changing precedence is a breaking change.

Dispatch pattern:

d
static if (hasOverrideOp!Hook)
{
    return hook.overrideOp(args);   // override wins
}
else static if (hasOnEvent!Hook)
{
    hook.onEvent(args);             // event next
    return fallback(args);          // then fallback
}
else
{
    return fallback(args);
}

5.5 Attribute Propagation ​

DbI shells often need to conditionally propagate function attributes (@safe, nothrow, @nogc, pure) based on hook capabilities. The shell SHOULD infer attributes from the hook's members where possible, using @safe, nothrow, etc. inference or explicit attribute forwarding.

Pattern:

d
struct Wrapper(T, Hook)
{
    // Attributes inferred from hook.onEvent and fallbackOp
    auto doOp(Args...)(Args args)
    {
        static if (hasOnEvent!Hook)
            hook.onEvent(args);
        return fallbackOp(args);
    }
}

When attribute inference is insufficient, use explicit conditional attributes:

d
auto doOp(Args...)(Args args) @safe if (isSafe!(Hook.onEvent))

6. Fallbacks and Fast Paths ​

6.1 Baseline Correctness ​

  • Every DbI component MUST implement a baseline correct fallback requiring only required primitives.
  • The fallback path MUST define semantics ("reference behavior").
  • The fallback MUST be the semantic reference implementation.

6.2 Fast Path Equivalence ​

  • Fast paths MUST be behaviorally equivalent to fallback (or document and justify exceptions).
  • Fast paths SHOULD be "obviously better" (fewer allocations, lower complexity).
  • If a fast path risks semantic drift, it MUST be opted into explicitly via a clearly named hook.
  • Types MUST NOT implement an optional primitive that only works sometimes — either it works or omit it.

Example pattern:

d
void putAll(R, E)(ref R r, E[] xs)
{
    static if (hasBulkPut!(R, E))
    {
        r.putMany(xs);              // O(1) fast path
    }
    else
    {
        foreach (x; xs) r.put(x);   // O(n) fallback
    }
}

7. static if Hygiene ​

7.1 Branch Documentation ​

  • Each static if fork MUST correspond to a documented behavior mode.
  • Each fork MUST have test coverage for both branches.
  • Forks SHOULD be ordered from most specific to least specific.
  • Forks MUST NOT silently change user-visible semantics unless the hook name communicates that semantic shift.

7.2 Avoiding Deep Nesting ​

  • Keep branches short and self-contained.
  • Factor complex multi-feature interactions into separate methods rather than nesting.

Do:

d
static if (hasMember!(Hook, "onOverflow"))
{
    if (wouldOverflow) payload = hook.onOverflow(payload);
    else ++payload;
}
else
{
    ++payload;
}

Don't:

d
static if (X) {
    static if (Y) {
        static if (Z) { /* 8 paths, hard to verify */ }
    }
}

7.3 The void Hook Test ​

Widget!(T, void) SHOULD compile and behave as the baseline with no hook involvement. Use this as a smoke test that the shell stands alone.

8. Diagnostics ​

8.1 Fail Early with Clear Messages ​

  • Public templates/functions MUST use constraints to fail early and clearly.
  • If no fallback exists, code MUST static assert with a targeted message that:
    • Names the missing capability
    • Shows the required expression form
d
static assert(hasFront!R, "R must support `.front` (readable).");
static assert(hasPopFront!R, "R must support `.popFront()`.");

For richer diagnostics, consider the concepts library, which instantiates the checking code on constraint failure to reveal the specific compilation error rather than just reporting a failed constraint.

8.2 Constraints Over Deep Instantiation ​

  • "Late failure" inside deeply-nested templates SHOULD NOT be the primary diagnostic mechanism.
  • Errors MUST be phrased in terms of the user's type and required capability, not internal templates.

8.3 Optional Debug Tracing ​

  • Components MAY provide optional debug tracing for dispatch decisions behind version = DbIDebug or a debug conditional.
  • Such tracing MUST NOT change semantics.

9. Testing Requirements ​

9.1 Capability Matrix ​

For every DbI component, tests MUST cover:

  1. Minimal implementation — only required primitives
  2. Each optional primitive enabled individually (where meaningful)
  3. Important combinations (2–3-way) that change behavior
  4. Order-dependent composition cases (wrapping/policy stacking)

9.2 Equivalence Tests ​

  • When there is a fallback + fast path, tests MUST assert they produce identical results across representative inputs.

9.3 Compile-Time Tests ​

  • Use static assert / __traits(compiles) in test modules to ensure expected capability detection outcomes.
  • Test positive cases, negative cases, and signature mismatch cases (ensures you are not over-accepting).

9.4 The void Hook Baseline Test ​

  • The void hook baseline test is mandatory for any new DbI component.

10. API Evolution ​

10.1 Non-Breaking Changes ​

The following SHOULD be non-breaking when done correctly:

  • Adding a new optional primitive (with fallback)
  • Adding a new optional hook member (with default behavior unchanged)
  • Adding new fast paths guarded by capability checks

Requirements:

  • Fallback behavior unchanged
  • Precedence unchanged
  • Tests added
  • Docs updated

10.2 Breaking Changes ​

The following MUST be treated as breaking changes:

  • Adding a new required primitive
  • Changing required primitives
  • Changing the semantics of existing primitives
  • Changing dispatch precedence
  • Removing or renaming recognized hook members without deprecation

10.3 Deprecation ​

  • Breaking removals SHOULD go through deprecation first, with clear migration guidance.

11. PR Review Checklist ​

Reviewers MUST confirm:

  • [ ] Required primitive set did not grow unintentionally
  • [ ] New optional hooks are truly optional (fallback unaffected)
  • [ ] Capability checks validate the correct call form (not just hasMember)
  • [ ] static if forks are documented and tested
  • [ ] Precedence rules are explicit and preserved
  • [ ] Diagnostics are readable at the call site
  • [ ] Test matrix covers minimal + key combinations
  • [ ] Any semantic changes are clearly named and documented
  • [ ] Stateless hooks don't allocate/store state
  • [ ] Examples show minimal and enhanced implementations

12. Do / Don't Summary ​

DoDon't
Make primitives optional by defaultRequire a large interface upfront
Provide else for every static ifLeave missing-hook paths as compile errors
Ship predefined hooks for common casesForce users to write a hook for basic usage
Document hook protocol as a tableRely on code-reading to understand the protocol
Use stateSize zero-cost optimizationWaste space on empty hook structs
Test with void/minimal hooksOnly test with fully-capable hooks
Propagate capabilities in compositesSilently drop optional methods in wrappers
Use orthogonal trait predicatesName every combination of capabilities
Keep static if branches flatNest 3+ levels of static if
Centralize capability detection in traitsScatter __traits(compiles) throughout code
Use distinctive hook names (hookOpUnary)Use generic names (handle, process)
Fail early with constraintsLet errors surface deep in template internals

13. Reference Implementations ​

LibraryWhat to LearnLink
std.experimental.allocatorFlagship DbI: elastic composition, minimal required interface, composite propagationdocs
std.range / Phobos rangesOrthogonal trait predicates over named concepts, algorithm adaptationdocs
std.checkedintShell-with-hooks at small scale, layered fallback chains, void hook baselinedocs
Mir ndsliceDbI for n-dimensional iteration, iterator-capability-driven optimizationdocs
expectedHook protocol documentation table, predefined hook variants, error handling DbIdocs

Appendix A: Code Templates ​

A.1 Capability Detection Trait (Expression-Based) ​

d
module mylib.detail.capabilities;

template hasBulkPut(R, E)
{
    enum bool hasBulkPut = __traits(compiles, {
        R r = R.init;
        E[] xs;
        r.putMany(xs);  // exact intended expression
    });
}

template hasOnError(H, Err)
{
    enum bool hasOnError = __traits(compiles, {
        H h = H.init;
        Err e = Err.init;
        h.onError(e);
    });
}

A.2 Ordered Dispatch with Fallback ​

d
import mylib.detail.capabilities : hasBulkPut;

void putAll(R, E)(ref R r, E[] xs)
{
    static if (hasBulkPut!(R, E))
    {
        r.putMany(xs);              // fast path
    }
    else
    {
        foreach (x; xs) r.put(x);   // fallback
    }
}

A.3 Optional Hook Member Call ​

d
void doThing(Hook, Err)(ref Hook hook, Err err)
{
    static if (hasOnError!(Hook, Err))
        hook.onError(err);
    else
        assert(0, "Unhandled error");  // default policy
}

A.4 Hook Override vs Event Precedence ​

d
auto performOp(Hook, Args...)(ref Hook hook, Args args)
{
    // 1. Full override — hook takes complete control
    static if (hasMember!(Hook, "hookOperation"))
    {
        return hook.hookOperation(args);
    }
    // 2. Event hook — observe at critical point
    else static if (hasMember!(Hook, "onOperationEvent"))
    {
        hook.onOperationEvent(args);
        return fallbackOperation(args);
    }
    // 3. Default — no hook, no overhead
    else
    {
        return fallbackOperation(args);
    }
}

A.5 Zero-State Optimization ​

d
struct Wrapper(T, Hook = DefaultHook)
{
    T payload;

    // Store hook only if it has state
    static if (stateSize!Hook > 0)
        Hook hook;
    else
        alias hook = Hook;

    // Access hook uniformly
    static if (stateSize!Hook > 0)
        ref inout(Hook) getHook() inout { return hook; }
    else
        static Hook getHook() { return Hook.init; }
}

A.6 Validation Trait for Required Interface ​

Two styles for the same trait:

d
// Style 1: Single-expression eponymous enum — compact, but diagnostics
// only report "isAllocator failed" without indicating which check failed.
enum isAllocator(A) =
  is(typeof(A.allocate(size_t.init)) == void[]) &&
  is(typeof(A.alignment) : size_t);

// Style 2: Template with named intermediate checks — more verbose, but
// each sub-check can be inspected individually for better diagnostics.
template isAllocator(A)
{
    enum hasAlignment = is(typeof(A.alignment) : size_t);
    enum hasAllocate = is(typeof(A.init.allocate(size_t.init)) : void[]);
    enum isAllocator = hasAlignment && hasAllocate;
}

// Use in constraints for clear errors at call site
auto doWork(A)(ref A alloc) if (isAllocator!A)
{
    // ...
}

Appendix B: References ​

Design by Introspection (DConf 2017)

Generic Programming Must Go (DConf 2015)

Phobos Ranges

std.experimental.allocator

std.checkedint

Mir NdSlice

expected